EUNIS97, Grenoble (France) 9-11 September 1997

Ref: 022809

Information System for Application Procedure for Registration in Higher Education in Slovenia

Rok Rupnik, Marko Bajec, Marjan Krisper

HIGHER EDUCATION IN SLOVENIA

Slovenia is a small country with population of two million people. Candidates that want to study on higher level have to choose from one of the two Slovenian Universities. The oldest University is situated in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. There are approximately 35,000 students registered each year. The other one is in Maribor. Approximately 12,000 students register and about 1,800 students graduate from this university each year. The establishment of the third Slovenian University on the coast of Slovenia is foreseen in the near future.

APPLICATION PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Since 1995 there has been a new application procedure for registration in higher education in Slovenia. The former procedure had disadvantages and was not considered as appropriate any more. Common characteristic of both is that the majority of candidates apply before they finish secondary school and don't know how successful they will finish it. For example: candidates apply in the beginning of March; secondary school scholastic year finishes at the end of June; scholastic year in higher education begins in October.

2.1 Former application procedure

In the former application procedure there were two parts: centralised part and decentralised part. In a centralised part all applications were sent to admission service where data from application forms were captured into a database. After the analytical report was done applications were delivered to the departments. That was the beginning of the second phase, where candidates could apply for entrance examination on 5 additional programs. This means that one candidate could be on more than one list of accepted candidates. Good candidates were on many lists; some didn't appear on any. Because the candidates who were on more than one list could wait for quite a long time for decision, there were updated lists published even more than once a day. This was very confusing for the majority of candidates.

2.2 The new application procedure

Preference among options is an important characteristic of the new procedure. Candidates must name programs in the preferred order on the application form already, not in the later steps of procedure. They are allowed to name up to three programs, which are called options.

Capturing data from application forms

All the data from application forms must first be captured into a database.

Analysis of the application

The analytical admission reports are done according to the first option of all candidates. Programs that have more applications than the study places available can become limited programs, others become unlimited. Each of the programs that can become limited actually becomes limited by the approval of Ministry of Education and formal approval of the government.

Determination of exams

The government approval determines the next step of the procedure. The limited and unlimited options have to be determined. First option of a candidate becomes limited, if it fulfils one of the following conditions:
· the program of the first option is limited
· the program of the first option is unlimited, but according to qualifications candidate must pass either the capability tests or other additional tests

Other options of the candidate become limited, if his first option is limited, otherwise they become surplus. For all the limited options the candidates must be put on lists for capability tests and additional tests if it is a option for a program, for which registration demands determine so.

Capturing of marks

The following kind of marks must be captured:
· Marks of candidates, which have finished secondary school in the past and had to enclose all their certificates with the application form. This is a manual procedure and is done twice. The second capture controls the first one and so the probability of mistakes is practically zero.
· Marks of capability tests and additional tests, which are delivered from departments in form of ASCII file.
· Marks of candidates, that are finishing secondary school in the current scholastic year. These marks are delivered from the National examinations centre in form of ASCII file.

Calculation procedure

For each program and type of final exam (bachelor's degree or internal final examination) there are entrance qualifications and weights for marks for which candidate gets points. Because there are six different scales of marks, the calculation procedure must transform each mark from its original scale to the mark in scale from 0-100. Setting of flags and searching for maximums are also part of this procedure.

Selection procedure

Selection procedure is the main characteristic of new application procedure and is the step, where both procedures differ mostly. It tries to place candidate on his most preferred program, for which he fulfils all the qualifications and has enough points according to his competitives whereas the places available for each program must be considered.

3. INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR APPLICATION PROCEDURE

The information system for application procedure supports all the activities from preparation of all the required code tables and catalogues up to selection procedure. The complexity of application procedure is a result of the fact that it is a centralised system for all the various faculties, art academies and university colleges which have different qualifications. This results in a complex information system.

The most important mission of information system is to assure the consideration of all the qualifications. They are implemented in data model, so the code is independent. The most critical procedures, that information system supports are calculation and selection procedure. Interphase test method was developed for the purpose of testing their function.

Information system was developed two years ago, renovated last year and is now being maintained. In the last year there were some changes in the procedure that exceed the maintenance, so we now talk about renovation and maintenance of the information system. In the next sections the evolution of the information system will be described.

3.1 Development of information system

Information system was developed in time pressure and shortage of time. Because of that we were many times forced to pick up decisions and move steps that guarantied success in time available, what didn't mean, that they were optimal or good.

We had to begin with selection of hardware and software for production system and development. For both admission services (each university has its own) we choosed PC platform, two better PC's for servers and 11 PC's for clients. On both servers we installed operating system Novell NetWare and Database server Oracle 7.0. Operating system for clients was DOS and the development tools were Oracle client tools: SQL Forms, SQL Menu, and SQL Reports. As CASE tool we used SilverRun. Each admission service had it's own LAN, networks were not connected. Two unconnected servers caused many problems during the whole procedure.

The main consequence of time pressure was the partial development of information system. There wasn't enough time to make analysis in the beginning to get the full picture of the system. In every moment of development we were working only on activities to support the current checkpoint of application procedure. To get to current checkpoint and support needed activities we made additions to process and data model and implemented it. Information system was not developed according to information engineering methodology. We could say that information system was not developed but was composed.

Because of partial development some mistakes committed in early stages arose at the end. Especially some default values of flags and some segments of data model were the problem. That was the source of many problems in the last step of procedure.

3.2 Renovation of information system

The first step of renovation was setting conditions for the continuation of work on this project. The most important among them was the purchase of powerful UNIX Workstation for the central database server. The experience with two unconnected servers and with combination Oracle-NetWare was inappropriate, so we decided to work on UNIX operating system which is the native operating system platform for ORACLE database.

In the second year there were some changes in the application procedure. They were the result of analysis done by all the actors involved in it. This was one of the strongest reasons for renovation. From technical point of view there were following reasons for renovation of the information system:
· Functional reasons: Information system was operating correctly, but because of its partial development its use was complicated.
· Technological reasons: Information system was operating in DOS. In the same year ORACLE announced, that the development of development tools for DOS has stopped. Information system became technologically old over night.

We decided for the following renovation, which was done in two phases:
· First phase: Classical reverse engineering phase to gain the business model was not needed because of the changes in the application procedure and functional reasons for renovation. In this phase we only analysed the information system, especially the data model.
· Second phase: It was a forward engineering phase, where we developed new information system in Windows environment using new Oracle tools. The development was based on documentation of information system, analyses done in the first phase, changed application procedure and experience gained during the development.

3.3 Experience with information system

Users are very satisfied with information system. Working in GUI environment is much nicer than working in character one. ORACLE Designer and Developer are composed of tools that enable the development of complex forms and reports which give user a great support.

Information system also supports significant improvement in the application procedure. This is communication with candidates. Candidates get mail at least twice during the procedure. After capturing of application forms data candidates get mail with their data in the database. The aim of the first mail is to verify the data because mistakes appear during capturing. It gives candidates the possibility to mail back any noticed irregular data in the database. Candidates get second mail when the selection procedure is finished. They are informed about the program they are accepted in with all the explanations. Since such a communication has been adopted, there are much less telephone calls to admission service from candidates, because they get feedback.

4. VISION FOR THE FUTURE

From our experience with the information system and the application procedure as well, we believe that there are some opportunities to improve the whole system. We suggest:
· Changes in application procedure and
· Changes of the IS in technical manner

4.1 Changes in application procedure

One of the major problems that we are dealing with now is that candidates apply at the University before they actually know about their success in graduation as well as what kind of secondary school diploma they will attain. Therefore, all plausible procedures have to be carried out until candidates actually graduate.

We believe that it would be better to divide application procedure in two separated parts. In the first part candidates would only specify data which would not depend on future outcomes, such as graduation success and success in bachelor's degree. Special forms would have to be prepared to acquire this. Received data would be captured into database. Reports would be produced and send back to the candidates in order to check inserted data is correct. A blank form would be included, where candidates would choose their options as soon as they would finish secondary school and bachelor's degree.

Receiving information about candidate's success in bachelor's degree plays very important role in the application procedure. At the point we come to the second part. Now we have all the data needed to start with calculations and other activities need to be done to finalise the application procedure.

Benefits
· We avoid predicting all procedures possible according to the future outcomes. We only deal with the information available at the moment.
· The second part is carried out only for those candidates that would actually pass graduation and bachelor's degree!
· After consideration based on graduation results and results of bachelor's degree, candidates could rationally decide where to apply!

4.2 Usage of new technology

Capturing the data from application forms is a process, which lasts at least four weeks. Small group of people does the coding. Database filling based on codes is much easier and faster. Despite of this, there at least ten people must do the work. Expenses and duration of the process call for better solutions. We recommend two possible alternatives:
· The use of IOCR technology to capture the data
· Usage of Internet based solutions

4.2.1 Usage of IOCR technology

Optical character recognition (OCR) technology enables converting printed or scanned documents into computer-editable text. Intelligent OCR is improved technology which provides new features that increase the accuracy, and throughput for converting printed or scanned documents into computer-editable text. The technology behind this innovative approach to OCR is predictive optical word recognition.

Using I-OCR technology to capture data from application forms would reduce expenses. According to technical details about I-OCR technology, we expect the whole process would not last more then few days.

4.2.2 Usage of innovative Internet based solutions

Idea about using Internet solution to capture data from application forms is even more attractive then usage of an IOCR technology. Every secondary school in Slovenia has access to the Internet. Candidates could then apply at the University using a WWW application. The applying process would be controlled by elected teachers that would be prepared to take responsibility. Internet could be used as communication channel between candidates and Admission Service. There would certainly be a small group of the candidates that have had graduated in the past. We would have to enable those candidates to access the Internet and use the WWW application.

Advantages:
· Reduced costs
· Using WWW application candidates would not be able to enter incorrect records
· Coding would be unnecessary
· Data would be inserted directly into database
· Communication between candidates and Admission Service would be cheaper and faster


University of Ljubljana,
Faculty of Computer and Information Science,
Laboratory of information systems and database systems,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
E-mail: rok.rupnik@fri.uni-lj.si
marko.bajec@fri.uni-lj.si
marjan.krisper@fri.uni-lj.si

Copyright EUNIS 1997 Y.E.